Dekodovanje kodova sa malom gustinom provera parnosti u prisustvu grešaka u logičkim kolima

Sve ve´ca integracija poluprovodniˇckih tehnologija, varijacije nastale usled nesavršenosti procesa proizvodnje, kao zahtevi za smanjenjem napona napajanja cˇine elektronske ured¯aje inherentno nepouzdanim. Agresivno skaliranje napona smanjuje otpornost na šum i dovodi do nepouzdanog rada ured¯aja. Široko je prihvac´ena paradigma prema kojoj se naredne generacije digitalnih elektronskih ured¯aja moraju opremiti logikom za korekciju hardverskih grešaka...Due to huge density integration increase, lower supply voltages, and variations in technological process, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) and emerging nanoelectronic devices are inherently unreliable. Moreover, the demands for energy efficiency require reduction of energy consumption by several orders of magnitude, which can be done only by aggressive supply voltage scaling. Consequently, the signal levels are much lower and closer to the noise level, which reduces the component noise immunity and leads to unreliable behavior. It is widely accepted that future generations of circuits and systems must be designed to deal with unreliable components..

Socijalna distanca i stavovi učenika prema vršnjacima sa invaliditetom

Background: With the development of the society and social care, scientific and technical progress, the attitude towards the people with disabilities has changed. According to the Quebec classification of disability it represents a process created together with risk factors, children's personality, life habits and environmental factors that match child's age, gender and socio-cultural identity. The attitude represents a tendency to react positively or negatively towards certain objects, features or situations. Attitude, as a model of behavior not firmly and definitely determined, can be formed, but also changed, mainly based on experience and interpersonal relationship as well as ones knowledge and feelings. Aim: The main goal of this research is to determine the adolescents' attitude towards peers with disabilities. Method: The research was conducted on 132 high school students, out of which there were 64 students in one group and a peer with a form of disability among them. The other group had 68 students, where none of them had a disability. For the needs of this research, a questionnaire has been created in order to determine the attitudes of students towards disabilities. The questionnaire consists of 20 questions where the participant can circle only one of the following options: yes, no or I do not know. The questions can be divided into 3 components - the first one regarding the cognitive component of the attitude, the second one regarding the emotional component and the third one regarding the behavioral component. Results: Belonging to a certain group determines formatting and expressing one's opinion. Both groups of participants gave the same answers in terms that both groups believed that they were insufficiently informed about the people with disabilities. Those questions tackled the knowledge of different types of disabilities, source of information, and care for the disabled. Further results indicate that contact with the people with disabilities determines the development of a positive attitude towards them. The biggest social distance has been expressed during the analysis of emotional components of attitude, included in the questions regarding interpersonal relationship. It seems that spending time and having experience with the disabled does not significantly affect the preparation of adolescents in creating close emotional contact. Conclusion: We emphasize that there is still heavy prejudice which makes the full integration and socialization of the people with disabilities harder. It is commonly accepted that all people learn and that their full inclusion represents the ultimate goal. However, this requires a change in the attitude of the wider social community. The final goal is determined not just by one's capabilities but also by the possibility for all other relevant factors to conform to the needs of an individual. So, going from the main idea of inclusion, that all individuals are different, the society should change and adjust so that they could meet the needs of all individuals.Razvojem društva, socijalnog staranja, napretkom nauke i tehnike, menjaju se i stavovi i odnos prema osobama s invaliditetom. Po Kvebek klasifikaciji, invaliditet nastaje u sadejstvu činioca rizika, ličnih svojstava deteta, sredinskih činilaca i životnih navika koje odgovaraju detetovom uzrastu, polu i socio-kulturnom identitetu. Stav predstavlja tendenciju da se pozitivno ili negativno reaguje prema određenim osobinama, objektima ili situacijama. Stavovi kao ne sasvim čvrsti i definitivno utvrđeni oblici ponašanja mogu se formirati, ali i menjati, pre svega na osnovu iskustva i međusobnog odnosa sa drugim ljudima ali i na osnovu toga šta o njima osoba zna i oseća. Cilj: Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja je da se ispita kakvi su stavovi adolescenata prema vršnjacima sa invaliditetom. Metode: U istraživanju je ukupno učestvovalo 132 učenika srednjih škola, od čega jednu grupu sačinjavaju 64 učenika sa kojima se u razredu nalazi bar jedan vršnjak koji ima neki vid invalidnosti, a drugu grupu sačinjavaju 68 učenika među kojima nema vršnjaka sa invaliditetom. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja, sastavljen je upitnik sa pitanjima kojima su procenjeni stavovi učenika u odnosu na invaliditet. Upitnik je sastavljen od 20 pitanja na koja ispitanici zaokružuju samo jedan od ponuđenih odgovora: da, ne, ne znam. Pitanja se mogu podeliti u tri celine. Prva koja se odnosi na kognitivnu komponentu stava, druga emocionalna komponenta i treća bihejvioralna komponenta. Rezultati: Pripadnost određenoj grupi utiče na formiranje i odražavanje stavova pojedinaca. Obe grupe ispitanika dale su iste odgovore u kontekstu da veruju da su nedovoljno informisani o osobama s invaliditetom. Ova pitanja bavila su se poznavanjem različitih vrsta invaliditeta, izvorima informacija, i brigom o osobama s invaliditetom. Rezultati su takođe pokazali da kontakt s osobama s invaliditetom određuje razvoj pozitivnog stava prema njima. Najveća društvena distanca je bila izražena tokom analize emocionalnih komponenti stava, uključujući pitanja u vezi sa međuljudskim odnosima. Najveća socijalna distanca ispoljena je kada se analizira emocionalna komponeta stava. Čini se da druženje i iskustvo sa osobama sa invaliditetom ne utiču značajno na spremnost adolescenata za ostvarivanje bliskog emotivnog kontakta sa njima. Zaključak: Zaključujemo da i dalje postoje duboko ukorenjene predrasude koje otežavaju potpunu socijalizaciju i punopravnu integraciju osoba sa invaliditetom. Široko je prihvaćeno da svi ljudi treba da se informišu i da je njihova potpuna inkluzija krajnji cilj. Polazeći, od osnovne ideje inkluzije da se sve individue razlikuju među sobom, društvo treba nužno da se prilagođava i menja da bi izašlo u susret potrebama svih pojedinaca

Kultur der Gesundheitsiformationen in Kroatien

Rad stavlja naglasak na informacijsku kulturu kao dio organizacijske kulture koja određuje upravljanje informacijama te načine njezina korištenja u sustavu. Zdravstvene informacije predstavljaju iznimno važan resurs u planiranju, vođenju i procjeni zdravstvenog sustava, dok upravljanje informacijama u zdravstvu ima izravan učinak na funkcioniranje zdravstvenog sustava kao i na kvalitetu zdravstvene zaštite. U radu se navodi nekoliko primjera nedostatne informacijske kulture i manjkavog upravljanja informacijama u projektima implementacije informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologija u zdravstvu Republike Hrvatske. Uzrok je prepoznat u izostanku sustavnog i strateškog upravljanja eZdravljem, a navedeni primjeri ukazuju na probleme netransparentnosti sustava i njegovog preskupog održavanja, na institucionalnu fragmentarnost, nedostatak sustavno planiranih ljudskih i financijskih resursa, izostanak definiranih uloga i ovlasti te komunikacije među dionicima, kao i na nepostojanje standarda, procedura i evaluacija. Autori predlažu ozbiljan pristup strateškim odrednicama upravljanja zdravstvenim podacima i informacijama kao kritičan korak ka sustavnom i uspješnom upravljanju eZdravljem. Kao moguće aktivnosti predlaže se jačanje institucijskih kapaciteta, uspješnija komunikacija te podjela ovlasti i uloga dionika koji bi informacijama trebali upravljati.In this paper we focus on information culture as part of organizational culture, which controls data management and data use within the system. Health information is an important resource in planning, managing and evaluating the system of health, while health information management can have a direct effect on the functioning of the system of health, as well as the quality of health protection. We use the project of the implementation of information-communication technologies within the health system in Croatia in order to reveal the deficiencies in its information culture and data management. We found several reasons for these deficiencies: the absence of systematic and strategic management of eHealth, the existence of a non-transparent system, a high cost of its maintenance, institutional fragmentation, the lack of planned human and financial resources, defined roles and obligations, communication among the actors, as well as standards, procedures and evaluations. The authors suggest a serious approach to strategic goals of health data and information management as a critical step towards a more systematic and successful management of eHealth. In particular, we suggest the strengthening of institutional capacities, more successful communication, as well as better delegation of power and roles among the actors in charge of information management.In der Arbeit wird der Akzent auf die Informationskultur als ein Teil der Organisationskultur gesetzt, die das Datenmanagement bestimmt, sowie die Art und Weise, wie sie im System genutzt wird. Die Gesundheitsiformationen stellen eine außerordentlich wichtige Ressource bei der Planung, Führung und Bewertung des Gesundheitssystems dar, während das Datenmanagement im Gesundheitswesen das Funktionieren des Gesundheitssystems sowie die Qualität des Gesundheitsschutzes unmittelbar beeinflußt. In der Arbeit werden einige Beispiele mangelhafter Informationskultur und mangelhaften Datenmanagements in den Projekten der Implementierung von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien im Gesundheitswesen der Republik Kroatien angeführt. Die Ursache sieht man im Fehlen eines systematischen und strategischen Managements in der e-Gesundheit und die angeführten Beispiele weisen auf das Problem der Nichttransparenz des Systems und dessen zu teurer Wartung hin, auf den institutionellen Fragmentarismus, auf das Fehlen von systematisch geplanten menschlichen und finanziellen Ressourcen, auf das Ausbleiben von definierten Rollen und Befugnissen, auf das Fehlen der Kommunikation unter den Teilnehmern, sowie auf das Nichtbestehen von Standards, Prozeduren und Evaluationen. Die Autoren schlagen seriöse Ansätze der strategischen Determinanten im Management von Gesundheitsdaten und Informationen vor, einen kritischen Schritt in Richtung eines systematischen und erfolgreichen Managements der e-Gesundheit. Als mögliche Aktivitäten werden die Stärkung von institutionellen Kapazitäten, eine erfolgreichere Kommunikation, sowie die Teilung von Befugnissen und Rollen der Teilnehmer vorgeschlagen

Dekodovanje kodova sa malom gustinom provera parnosti u prisustvu grešaka u logičkim kolima

Sve ve´ca integracija poluprovodniˇckih tehnologija, varijacije nastale usled nesavršenosti procesa proizvodnje, kao zahtevi za smanjenjem napona napajanja cˇine elektronske ured¯aje inherentno nepouzdanim. Agresivno skaliranje napona smanjuje otpornost na šum i dovodi do nepouzdanog rada ured¯aja. Široko je prihvac´ena paradigma prema kojoj se naredne generacije digitalnih elektronskih ured¯aja moraju opremiti logikom za korekciju hardverskih grešaka...Due to huge density integration increase, lower supply voltages, and variations in technological process, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) and emerging nanoelectronic devices are inherently unreliable. Moreover, the demands for energy efficiency require reduction of energy consumption by several orders of magnitude, which can be done only by aggressive supply voltage scaling. Consequently, the signal levels are much lower and closer to the noise level, which reduces the component noise immunity and leads to unreliable behavior. It is widely accepted that future generations of circuits and systems must be designed to deal with unreliable components..

Dekodovanje kodova sa malom gustinom provera parnosti u prisustvu grešaka u logičkim kolima

Sve ve´ca integracija poluprovodniˇckih tehnologija, varijacije nastale usled nesavršenosti procesa proizvodnje, kao zahtevi za smanjenjem napona napajanja cˇine elektronske ured¯aje inherentno nepouzdanim. Agresivno skaliranje napona smanjuje otpornost na šum i dovodi do nepouzdanog rada ured¯aja. Široko je prihvac´ena paradigma prema kojoj se naredne generacije digitalnih elektronskih ured¯aja moraju opremiti logikom za korekciju hardverskih grešaka...Due to huge density integration increase, lower supply voltages, and variations in technological process, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) and emerging nanoelectronic devices are inherently unreliable. Moreover, the demands for energy efficiency require reduction of energy consumption by several orders of magnitude, which can be done only by aggressive supply voltage scaling. Consequently, the signal levels are much lower and closer to the noise level, which reduces the component noise immunity and leads to unreliable behavior. It is widely accepted that future generations of circuits and systems must be designed to deal with unreliable components..

Energy detector performance in Rician fading channel

In this paper we analyzed the problem of detection of unknown signals in the Rician fading channel. A closed-form expression for the probability of detection is derived, followed by the numerical results. The analysis was extended to the case of cooperative sensor network in which the environment can be modelled by independent Rician fading channels

Social distance students' attitudes towards disabled peers

Background: With the development of the society and social care, scientific and technical progress, the attitude towards the people with disabilities has changed. According to the Quebec classification of disability it represents a process created together with risk factors, children's personality, life habits and environmental factors that match child's age, gender and socio-cultural identity. The attitude represents a tendency to react positively or negatively towards certain objects, features or situations. Attitude, as a model of behavior not firmly and definitely determined, can be formed, but also changed, mainly based on experience and interpersonal relationship as well as ones knowledge and feelings. Aim: The main goal of this research is to determine the adolescents' attitude towards peers with disabilities. Method: The research was conducted on 132 high school students, out of which there were 64 students in one group and a peer with a form of disability among them. The other group had 68 students, where none of them had a disability. For the needs of this research, a questionnaire has been created in order to determine the attitudes of students towards disabilities. The questionnaire consists of 20 questions where the participant can circle only one of the following options: yes, no or I do not know. The questions can be divided into 3 components - the first one regarding the cognitive component of the attitude, the second one regarding the emotional component and the third one regarding the behavioral component. Results: Belonging to a certain group determines formatting and expressing one's opinion. Both groups of participants gave the same answers in terms that both groups believed that they were insufficiently informed about the people with disabilities. Those questions tackled the knowledge of different types of disabilities, source of information, and care for the disabled. Further results indicate that contact with the people with disabilities determines the development of a positive attitude towards them. The biggest social distance has been expressed during the analysis of emotional components of attitude, included in the questions regarding interpersonal relationship. It seems that spending time and having experience with the disabled does not significantly affect the preparation of adolescents in creating close emotional contact. Conclusion: We emphasize that there is still heavy prejudice which makes the full integration and socialization of the people with disabilities harder. It is commonly accepted that all people learn and that their full inclusion represents the ultimate goal. However, this requires a change in the attitude of the wider social community. The final goal is determined not just by one's capabilities but also by the possibility for all other relevant factors to conform to the needs of an individual. So, going from the main idea of inclusion, that all individuals are different, the society should change and adjust so that they could meet the needs of all individuals

Simulation of the pulverized coal utility boiler furnace operating conditions

U radu su prikazani rezultati numeričke simulacije odabranih radnih parametara karakterističnih za pogonsko stanje ložišta za sagorevanje ugljenog praha energetskog kotla sa odvođenjem šljake u čvrstom stanju i tangencijalnim rasporedom gorionika. Simulacija je izvedena na osnovu kompleksnog 3D matematičkog modela procesa i odgovarajućeg numeričkog algoritma i kompjuterskog koda, posebno razvijenih za simulaciju procesa u ložištima industrijskih razmera. Za ložište kotla TENT-A2 210 MWe prikazane su temperature dimnih gasova i koncentracije ugljen-dioksida i procenjen je sadržaj nesagorelog u šljaci. Pojedini rezultati modela upoređeni su sa merenjima na kotlu. Istaknut je značaj numeričkih simulacija radnih parametara ložišta energetskih kotlova za dijagnostiku pogonskih stanja i situacija u ložištu i vođenje postrojenja.Results of numerical simulation of chosen operation parameters that characterize the operating conditions of pulverized coal utility boiler tangentially fired furnace with solid slag removal are presented in paper. The simulation has been performed on the basis of the complex 3D mathematical model of process and corresponding numerical algorithm and computer code, specially developed for the purpose of the simulation of process in industrial scale boiler furnaces. For the furnaces TENT-A2 210 MWe utility boiler, flue gas temperatures and carbon-dioxide concentrations are present and unburned matter content in bottom slag has been evaluated. Some results of the model have been compared with the available measurement. The importance of numerical simulations of utility boiler furnace operation parameters has been emphasized, for the purpose of diagnostic of operating conditions and situations in the furnace and for the plant control

Modeling and parametric study of utility boiler furnace operation

U radu su prikazani odabrani rezultati parametarskih proračuna izvedenih na osnovu numeričke simulacije procesa u ložištu za sagorevanje ugljenog praha energetskog kotla TENT-A2 210 MWe, sa odvođenjem šljake u čvrstom stanju i tangencijalnim rasporedom gorionika. Kao radni parametri karakteristični za pogonsko stanje ložišta, odabrani su finoća mlevenja ugljenog praha i kvalitet uglja. U parametarskoj analizi je posmatrano pet režima rada ložišta. Simulacija je izvedena na osnovu 3D matematičkog modela procesa, razvijenog za simulaciju procesa u ložištima industrijskih razmera. Prikazani su rezultati simulacija i analiziran uticaj odabranih parametara na konverziju čestica ugljenog praha usled sagorevanja, temperaturu dimnog gasa i koncentraciju ugljen-dioksida u ložištu, kao i flukseve toplotnog zračenja na ekranskom zidu. Naglašena je potencijalna primena matematičkog modeliranja procesa u ložištima energetskih kotlova za dijagnostiku i predviđanje pogonskih stanja i situacija.Paper presents selected results of parametric study performed by means of numerical simulation of processes in TENT-A2 210 MWe utility boiler tangentially-fired dry-bottom furnace. Grinding fineness of coal and coal quality have been selected and analyzed as parameters characterizing the furnace operating condition. Five operation regimes of the furnace have been considered by parametric study. The simulation has been performed on the basis of 3D mathematical model of processes, developed for the purpose of the simulation of processes in industrial scale boiler fun aces. The simulation results are presented, as well as an analysis of the influence of selected operation parameters to the pulverized coal particles conversion due to combustion, to the flue gas temperature and carbon-dioxide concentration in the furnace and to the furnace wall radiation fluxes. Potential applications of the boiler furnace modeling for diagnostics and prediction of operating conditions and situations have been emphasized in the pa per